The four-day work week experiment  has transitioned  from  the  theoretical world   of   idealism to   the   real   world   of practical reality, based upon  empirical data  derived from tools used to conduct quantitative studies . Four   day   workweeks   have   been   the   focus   of scientist around   the   globe   with   much   experimentation   over   multiple   years , using   a variety of research   methods   in   order   to   provide   an   understanding   of  

In this part, we will analyse the case through STEEPLE analysis. STEEPLE analysis is a strategic planning tool designed to help organizations evaluate the various external factors influencing their business operations. It provides an objective framework to evaluate how the acquisition influences Mars Inc. by examining the Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental, Political, Legal, and Ethical factors of the merger.  Social Factors  Changes in consumers' behaviour, with

To assess this acquisition, we will utilise profit margin, gross profit margin, and gearing ratios in this part. To start of with the profitability ratios, t he GPM (Gross Profit Margin) measures how much money a company keeps from its sales after deducting the direct costs of producing its goods, such as materials and labor. It shows how efficiently a business turns revenue into gross profit and is calculated as: The PM (Profit Margin) goes a step further by showing how much

In this part, we will analyse this acquisition through a tool called Ansoff Matrix. Ansoff Matrix is a marketing planning model that helps a business determine its product and market growth strategy and it demonstrates the way the acquisition of Kellanova enhances Mars’ strategic position for growth across several aspects.  It outlines four key strategies: market penetration, which focuses on increasing sales of current products in existing markets; market development, which

Before we start analysing, lets begin with introdoucing the case. Mars Inc is a multinational conglomerate that’s based in McLean, Virginia, United States. It is entirely owned by the Mars family. They employ over 135,000 people across 33 factories, 2,000 veterinary hospitals, and 17 offices and retail stores. They are manufacturers of food products, confectionary and pet food. Some of their well-known products include M&M's, Snickers, Milky Way, Skittles, and Twix.  Meanwhil

When food cultures are exported successfully, it is rarely accidental. From a technical perspective—combining consumer behaviour, operational scalability, and cultural economics—Turkish breakfast culture stands out as a structurally strong, low-friction export. Its success is not only cultural but systemic. Turkish breakfast ( serpme kahvaltı ) is a structured yet flexible culinary system built around variety, sharing, and time. Rather than centering on a single dominant dish

Setting: A economic roundtable, where John Maynard Keynes engages with representatives of classical economic thought.  Classical Economist: Let us begin with what we consider irrefutable. There are two postulates at the core of our theory of employment:  1. The wage equals the marginal product of labour.  2. The utility of that wage, when a given volume of labour is employed, equals the marginal disutility of employment.  These postulates lead to one logical conclusion: the l

China's recent aluminum dumping, the practice of selling goods in foreign markets below production costs, has led to significant inefficiencies by distorting competition and oversaturating global supply. In response, countries such as the U.S. and Canada have imposed tariffs, government -imposed taxes on imports, to protect domestic industries and stabilize markets. The United States has proposed tariffs reaching 25% on Chinese aluminum. These measures aim to correct market i

Driven by overconsumption of sweetened beverages, rates of obesity and dental problems are rising among the children in the UK. Obesity and dental issues lead to increased healthcare expenses, creating a negative consumption externality, defined as “a negative benefit that arises from the consumption of a good or service not only for the consumer, the children, consuming sweetened beverages but also for the entire population, who’re carrying the burden of the healthcare servi

Recently, the Bank of England (BoE) has found itself at a critical crossroads. With inflation finally nearing its 2% target, policymakers are debating whether it’s time to ease up after a long period of monetary tightening. The problem is high inflation in the UK due to rising oil prices in the UK due to conflicts in the Middle East , which has prompted the Bank of England to raise interest rates, leading to reduced consumer spending and business investment, resulting in slow

After what we discussed in the first part of the blog, the book then turns to a key question: Why should economic freedom be connected to political freedom at all? Friedman proposes two explanations, one direct and one indirect. He begins by showing that markets themselves directly embody freedom, and then explains how they indirectly support political liberty. Freedom, he notes, only has meaning within relationships among people, it does not apply to someone isolated, like R

We often talk about the environmental cost of cars, planes, trash and plastic. But we rarely talk about the environmental cost of clouds. Yes, you’ve heard it right, clouds. Not the ones in the air, but the digital ones that store our documents, pictures, and videos. The name “cloud” sounds clean and harmless, nevertheless there are huge data centres sustaining them. They are physical buildings filled with servers that consume huge amounts of energy.   Every file we upload, p

Digital nomadism—the practice of performing remote work while traveling across countries—has evolved from a niche lifestyle into an economic force backed by measurable demographic and policy trends. Around 35 million people worldwide identify as digital nomads today, making it one of the fastest-growing labor subcultures of the 21st century. Case Study: Portugal’s Digital Nomad Visa and Economic Ripple Effects Portugal became a major hub after launching the D7 visa and later

In the contemporary workplace, technology has become inseparable from productivity. Emails, messaging platforms, and real-time collaboration tools have allowed companies to operate faster and more efficiently than ever before. Yet beneath this accelerated flow of communication lies a growing psychological burden: constant connectivity. The expectation to remain reachable at all hours has quietly reshaped workplace culture, blurring the boundaries between professional and pers

Tariffs are essentially taxes on imported goods. Recent developments involving U.S.-imposed tariffs not only impact its own market but also create ripple effects across the globe, particularly in countries like Türkiye. The central theme here is interdependence , emphasizing how economies are intricately linked through global trade. The situation can be understood through a simplified economic model representing the U.S. domestic market. Although the model assumes a small-cou

Menu price anchoring can be understood rigorously by treating a menu not as a list of prices, but as a bounded decision space in which customers optimise under uncertainty. (This means customers are making choices within a closed system, the menu, without knowing what prices “should” be, so they rely on internal comparisons rather than external benchmarks.) From a technical standpoint, the customer does not solve for absolute utility; instead, they perform relative utility ma

The global skills mismatch is one  of the most pressing  yet least visible  challenges in economics,  it   refers   to  the disconnect  between the skills of   the   workforce   and   what  employers seek   in   employees.   Despite  many developed   nations   having relatively  low  unemployment rates  on paper, employers  report being   unable   to   locate  qualified candidates to fill vacant positions . This conundrum   indicates that there is  a systematic   disparity  

Remote work is no longer just a niche concept. It has become a major trend in the labor market especially post COVID, changing how companies and employees think about the whole concept of employment. Before the pandemic, working from home was super rare, mostly for tech or freelance jobs. Now, between 154 million and 435 million people around the world work remotely at least part of the time, and many companies plan to keep it permanent. One of the biggest things that this c

In this blog entry we will discuss how 4 major airline companies: Ryanair, easyJet, Wizz air and ITA have been accused of colluding on routes to and from Sicily from a very theoretical and analytical lens. The airline industry is an oligopolistic market structure; this occurs when small number of large firms dominate the industry. Interdependence is a feature of an oligopolistic market structure because firms must consider the actions of their competitors when making decision

The U.S. Federal Reserve has cut interest rates for the first time since December, lowering its benchmark rate by 25 basis points to a range of 4.00–4.25 percent. The decision, announced on Wednesday, came as a slowing labour market stalls economic growth. Markets widely expected this move, with CME FedWatch placing the probability at 96 percent. Why the Fed Cut Rates The cut was driven by weakening employment data. As jobs decrease, household income falls, reducing consumpti